How the Mare Gestation Calculator Works

The calculator uses a 340-day average because equine pregnancy is commonly planned around that value. Colorado State University's Equine Reproduction Laboratory describes the average normal gestation length for equine pregnancy as 340 days and a normal range of 320 to 360 days. MSD Veterinary Manual also describes horses as having an average gestation length of about 340 days. The calculator therefore gives one central date and a wider watch window.

The result is meant for planning. It can help you decide when to schedule pregnancy checks, when to prepare the foaling stall, when to intensify monitoring, and when to start watching for signs such as udder development, waxing, milk changes, relaxation around the tailhead, and behavior changes. It cannot tell you whether a foal is mature, whether the placenta is healthy, whether a mare should be induced, or whether a slow birth is safe to continue without assistance.

If the mare was pasture bred over many days, the first observed breeding date may make the watch window too early, while the last possible breeding date may push it later. In that situation, write down the full exposure range. A veterinarian can use ultrasound findings, fetal development, mammary changes, and mare history to refine the plan. If you know the ovulation date from reproductive management, that is usually a stronger reference than a vague covering period.

Why a Mare Due Date Is a Window, Not a Fixed Day

Horse gestation is more variable than many owners expect. A mare bred on the same day as another mare may foal weeks apart and still deliver a healthy foal. Season, individual mare pattern, fetal maturity, breed type, nutrition, stress, and mare history may all influence timing. CSU emphasizes that the fetus initiates or triggers the birth process and that foaling generally occurs when the fetus is physiologically ready to survive outside the mare. This is why "past the due date" is not automatically the same as "ready to induce."

The average date is still useful. Farms need a calendar for vaccinations, deworming, Caslick opening if present, stall preparation, foaling-camera setup, staff scheduling, colostrum planning, and veterinary communication. But the calendar should guide readiness, not force the event. A mare at 342 days may be completely normal. A mare at 315 days with udder development and milk dripping may be a concern. A mare at 365 days may still need assessment rather than automatic action.

Records are extremely valuable. Some mares follow similar patterns in repeated pregnancies. If a mare consistently foals around 356 days, a 340-day average will make owners nervous too early. If she previously foaled at 322 days, late watch should begin earlier. Keep breeding date, ovulation date if known, pregnancy check results, udder development, milk testing, behavior, foaling time, placenta passage, foal standing, nursing, meconium passage, and veterinary findings for every pregnancy.

Mare Pregnancy Timeline by Month

This month-by-month guide is based on a general 340-day pregnancy. It should not replace farm-specific protocols or veterinary advice, especially for high-value pregnancies, high-risk mares, twins reduced earlier in pregnancy, placentitis concerns, fescue exposure, previous dystocia, or mares with medical conditions.

Pregnancy Confirmation and Veterinary Monitoring

A gestation calculator is not a pregnancy test. Early ultrasound is commonly used in equine reproduction to confirm pregnancy, assess the uterus, and identify twin pregnancies before they become much harder to manage. If the mare was bred intentionally, your veterinarian or reproductive clinic will usually have a protocol for ultrasound timing. If the mare was accidentally exposed to a stallion, schedule an exam rather than waiting until she looks pregnant.

Twin pregnancies are a special concern in mares because carrying twins to term is dangerous for the mare and both fetuses. Early detection matters. A simple date calculator cannot detect twins, placental problems, fetal viability, uterine disease, or pregnancy loss. It only tells you where a recorded date falls on a calendar.

Later in pregnancy, veterinary monitoring may focus on placental health, udder development, fetal movement, mare body condition, vaccination timing, deworming, and risk factors such as fescue exposure. If the mare has abnormal discharge, premature udder development, streaming milk, fever, colic signs, or behavior changes, call your veterinarian. Those findings can matter more than the number of days since breeding.

Nutrition, Body Condition, and Weight During Gestation

For the first seven or eight months, MSD Veterinary Manual notes that a routine diet of pasture or hay plus concentrate to maintain good body condition is generally all that is necessary. This is a practical point: early pregnancy is not a reason to make the mare fat. Mares that are too thin may not milk well, while mares that are too fat can be at greater risk for laminitis or foaling difficulty.

During the last three months, fetal growth increases substantially and the mare's nutritional plane should rise gradually. MSD notes that during the last trimester, a mare weighing 1,000 to 1,200 lb may gain about 150 to 200 lb with an appropriate diet. A suitable ration depends on forage quality, mare size, body condition, age, lactation status, dental health, and whether she is carrying a normal pregnancy. Work with a veterinarian or equine nutrition professional rather than guessing from a due date alone.

Routine weight estimation can help track change. For ordinary monitoring, the horse weight calculator can support tape-based estimates when a scale is not available. It should not replace a veterinarian's body-condition assessment, especially in late pregnancy when abdominal size changes can make simple formulas less precise. Use it as a record-keeping aid, not as proof that the mare is nutritionally safe.

Water, salt, forage quality, and movement also matter. Pregnant mares should have clean water, suitable forage, and safe daily exercise or turnout when possible. Compatible herd grouping reduces stress and injury risk. Sudden feed changes, moldy hay, endophyte-infected fescue exposure near foaling, poor dental function, and obesity should be discussed well before the foaling window.

Fescue Exposure and Late-Gestation Planning

Fescue exposure deserves special attention because endophyte-infected fescue can be associated with prolonged gestation, poor milk production, thickened placenta, and foaling problems. Oklahoma State University recommends removing access to fungus-infected fescue or fescue hay 45 to 60 days before foaling. If fescue exposure is possible, do not wait until the mare is dripping milk or overdue. Ask your veterinarian about pasture, hay source, and any medication plan that may be appropriate.

Fescue risk is one reason the calculator includes a broad watch window and repeated reminders to use veterinary care. A mare can be late because she is following her normal pattern, because the breeding date is not precise, because of fescue exposure, or because of another pregnancy issue. The correct response depends on the mare, environment, exam findings, and signs of readiness.

For farms managing several species or livestock facilities, pregnancy calendars should be separated by species. A mare's gestation plan should not be copied from cattle, sheep, goats, rabbits, dogs, or cats. RevisionTown has separate pages for species-specific tools such as the sheep gestation calculator, rabbit gestation calculator, dog pregnancy calculator, and cat pregnancy calculator. Use the equine calculator for mares because the monitoring signs, emergency thresholds, and newborn rules are different.

Preparing the Foaling Area

The foaling area should be ready before the mare is obviously uncomfortable. Oklahoma State recommends moving mares to the foaling location about one month before the expected date if they are not already housed there, so they can adjust to the environment and local disease exposure. Mares should then be moved into the specific foaling area several days to a week before the expected foaling day. The exact plan depends on farm layout, climate, weather, supervision, and veterinarian advice.

A foaling stall should be large, clean, dry, well bedded, and safe. Merck recommends a foaling stall at least 14 by 14 ft, with a larger double stall often more satisfactory. Straw or short-stem hay is preferred over shavings because fine bedding can enter the foal's nostrils or mouth and contaminate the mare's birth canal. If foaling in a paddock, the area should be protected from cold, wet weather, predators, hazards, and aggressive horses.

Cleanliness matters, but the environment should still be calm. Remove manure, disinfect between foalings when appropriate, provide safe lighting, and avoid clutter. Check fencing, gates, buckets, feeders, boards, mats, and cameras. A mare that feels disturbed may delay foaling, and a crowded, noisy environment can make observation harder. Foaling often happens at night or when the mare is left alone, so cameras and trained checks can help, but someone still needs to monitor her effectively.

Foaling Kit Checklist

A foaling kit should be practical and familiar before the foal is on the ground. Supplies do not replace a veterinarian, but they help you record, clean, and respond while help is on the way. Review your kit with your veterinarian because farms differ in disease risk, distance from emergency care, and staff experience.

Signs Foaling May Be Approaching

Late-gestation signs vary between mares. Nebraska Extension notes that signs are as variable as gestation length, though individual mares often repeat patterns year after year. Common signs include udder development two to six weeks before foaling, teat distension several days before foaling, waxing one to two days before foaling, pelvic relaxation in the last one to two weeks, and vulvar relaxation in the final days. Maiden mares can show all, some, or none of the expected signs.

Milk testing can improve watch decisions. CSU describes calcium testing in mammary secretions as useful for predicting when mares are likely to foal and when they are unlikely to foal in the next few days. CSU also notes that milk pH often decreases markedly within the 24 hours before foaling, with a drop to 6.4 or lower associated with foaling in the following 24 hours. These tests are tools for trained monitoring, not guarantees.

Behavior also changes. A mare may become restless, sweat, look at her flank, get up and down, separate from the group, become more affectionate or more irritable, or show mild colic-like signs. Stage I labor can look like discomfort because the foal is positioning and uterine contractions are increasing. This is why observation requires judgment: mild restlessness can be normal, but severe colic signs, prolonged distress, or abnormal discharge should trigger a call.

The Three Stages of Foaling

Foaling is usually divided into three stages. Stage I is preparation. The mare may be restless, sweat, urinate frequently, lie down and rise, look uncomfortable, or appear mildly colicky. Merck describes Stage I as lasting 1 to 4 hours as uterine contractions increase. The stage ends when the chorioallantois ruptures, commonly described as the water breaking.

Stage II is active delivery. This is normally fast in mares. Merck describes delivery of the foal as usually taking 5 to 15 minutes unless complications occur, while CSU notes that after the water breaks, strong uterine contractions should result in delivery within about 20 minutes. If there is no progress, if the presentation is abnormal, or if a red velvety membrane appears instead of the normal white amniotic sac, call immediately. Red bag delivery is an emergency because the placenta is separating prematurely and oxygen delivery to the foal is at risk.

Stage III is passage of the fetal membranes. The placenta should pass within about three hours. Merck warns that retained membranes beyond three hours require veterinary treatment because severe sepsis or laminitis can result. Do not pull the placenta out. Tie it up if needed to keep the mare from stepping on it, and save it for veterinary evaluation. The placenta should be inspected to ensure it is complete.

When to Call the Veterinarian

Call before foaling if the mare has premature udder development, streaming milk, abnormal discharge, fever, severe colic signs, depression, lack of appetite, suspected fescue toxicosis, known placental disease, or a pregnancy that appears prolonged without normal signs. A mare at 361 days may not be an emergency by the calendar alone, but she deserves a professional plan, especially if dates are accurate or signs are abnormal.

During foaling, call immediately if you see a red bag, if the water breaks and no progress follows, if Stage II lasts longer than expected, if only one foot appears, if the head is not coming with the front feet, if the mare strains without progress, if the mare is severely painful, if there is excessive bleeding, or if you are unsure whether the presentation is normal. Equine foaling problems can become critical quickly because normal active delivery is usually short.

After foaling, call if the foal does not stand, does not nurse, seems weak, is not bright, has abnormal breathing, fails to pass meconium, or if the mare does not pass the placenta within three hours. Call if the mare has severe colic signs, fever, depression, excessive bleeding, or rejection of the foal. The first hours after birth are not a time to "wait and see" when key milestones are missed.

The 1-2-3 Rule After Foaling

The 1-2-3 rule is one of the most practical newborn foal checks. CSU states that a healthy newborn foal should stand within one hour, start nursing within two hours, and the mare should pass the placenta within three hours. The AAEP foaling monitor sheet adds that the foal should pass meconium and the mare should pass the placenta within three hours. These are not decorative milestones; they are early indicators of whether the foal and mare are progressing safely.

A foal exam at 12 to 24 hours is widely recommended because failure of passive transfer can be silent at first. CSU recommends a new foal examination during that period, including a blood sample to test IgG. Merck notes that colostral antibody absorption occurs within the first 24 hours and that IgG evaluation is important. If the level is inadequate, plasma may be needed.

Foaling Records to Keep

Good records make future foalings safer and help your veterinarian make decisions. Write down the mare's history before foaling and record exact times during and after birth. The AAEP foaling monitor sheet includes mare age, number of previous foals, prior foaling problems, breeding date, ovulation date, expected due date, last vaccination, last deworming, health concerns, and post-foaling milestones.

Special Situations: Maiden, Older, Pony, Miniature, and Draft Mares

Maiden mares can be less predictable. They may show less obvious udder development, may be more anxious, and may need closer observation for bonding and safe nursing. Merck notes that mares rejecting foals often do so right after birth and that this is more common in primiparous mares. A maiden mare should be monitored carefully without unnecessary interference.

Older mares or mares with previous foaling problems deserve a plan early in pregnancy. Prior dystocia, retained placenta, poor milk production, placentitis, metabolic disease, laminitis, or reproductive surgery can change monitoring. Do not rely on a calendar date alone if the mare has a history. Ask your veterinarian what signs should trigger an exam and whether the mare should foal at a clinic or under farm supervision.

Ponies and miniature horses may need specialized attention because small body size can magnify management challenges. Draft mares and large equines may need appropriate stall space, safe flooring, and staff who can handle a large mare and foal safely. The calculator does not change the biological formula by breed because gestation is too variable for a simple adjustment to be clinically meaningful. Instead, it flags context so you can plan monitoring and facilities appropriately.

Managing the Mare After Foaling

After foaling, the mare should be bright, attentive, and comfortable. Mild cramping can occur as the uterus contracts, but severe colic signs, repeated rolling, depression, fever, or refusal to allow nursing require a veterinary call. The placenta should be saved for inspection and not pulled. If it has not passed within three hours, call. Retained membranes can lead to severe consequences even if the mare looks acceptable at first.

The mare needs clean water, suitable feed, and a quiet place to bond with the foal. Lactation increases nutritional demand, but do not make abrupt feed changes without a plan. Monitor appetite, manure, mammary gland comfort, temperature if advised, and attitude. A mare that rejects a foal, attacks a foal, will not stand for nursing, or seems painful may need careful restraint and professional help.

If your farm tracks broader herd outcomes, the animal mortality rate calculator can help with record review across livestock groups. It should not be used to judge an individual mare or foal emergency. A weak neonate, retained placenta, or severe mare pain requires direct veterinary attention.

Facility and Cost Planning

Foaling preparation is partly medical and partly logistical. You need a safe place, clean bedding, trained observers, emergency contacts, and a way to transport mare and foal if necessary. Farms with multiple broodmares may need cameras, foaling alarms, staff schedules, colostrum bank access, milk testing supplies, and written protocols. Smaller operations may need to plan even more carefully because fewer people are available at night.

Fence and facility safety should be reviewed before the mare enters late gestation. Protruding nails, loose boards, unsafe gates, low wires, slick flooring, small stalls, and crowded turnout can turn a manageable foaling into a preventable injury. For routine farm budgeting, the livestock fence cost calculator can support planning, but veterinary safety decisions should come first.

Budget for more than a normal birth. Emergency farm calls, referral care, dystocia management, retained placenta treatment, plasma transfusion, IgG testing, neonatal intensive care, colostrum replacement, medications, and transport can be expensive. A calculator can tell you the date; a realistic foaling plan prepares for the possibility that the date becomes a medical event.

Milk Testing and Foaling Watch Decisions

Milk testing can make foaling watch more efficient, especially for small farms without overnight staff. CSU describes milk calcium testing as useful for predicting when mares are likely to foal and also for predicting when a mare is unlikely to foal in the next few days. This second use is important. A test that suggests the mare is unlikely to foal tonight may let a short-staffed farm rest more safely, while a strong shift in milk values can move the mare to closer observation.

Milk pH is another practical signal. CSU notes that mare milk pH often drops markedly in the 24 hours before foaling and that a pH of 6.4 or lower is associated with foaling within the next 24 hours. The number should be interpreted as part of the whole picture. A mare with significant udder development, waxing, behavioral changes, and a strong milk-test shift deserves closer watch than a mare with no udder, stable milk values, and no behavior change. However, no test eliminates the need for observation. Mares can still foal unexpectedly, and maiden mares can be difficult to read.

Sampling should be gentle and minimal. Do not repeatedly strip large amounts of colostrum from the mare before birth. Colostrum is essential for passive immunity in the foal. If a mare is leaking or streaming milk before foaling, call your veterinarian. The milk may need to be collected and stored for the newborn, and the foal may need IgG testing and possible support after birth. Excessive pre-foaling milk loss is not just a timing sign; it can become a newborn immunity problem.

Foaling alarms and cameras can help, but they do not replace trained eyes. A camera angle may miss the vulva, the mare may lie down out of view, internet service may fail, and an alarm may not activate until the foaling process has already begun. Use technology as a layer of protection. The core plan should still include a person who knows the mare, understands normal presentation, recognizes red bag, and can call the veterinarian without delay.

Foaling Watch Schedule: When to Increase Monitoring

A good watch schedule starts before the due window. Around day 300, confirm that the foaling area, lighting, bedding, water, emergency numbers, trailer access, and supply kit are ready. Around day 310, many farms begin more structured observation, especially if the mare has a history of early foaling. Around day 320, daily checks should become more deliberate because the mare is entering the broad normal range described by CSU. If udder changes, waxing, milk-test shifts, or behavior changes appear, watch should intensify.

Observation should be consistent. Check udder development, teat filling, waxing, milk leakage, vulvar relaxation, tailhead relaxation, appetite, manure, attitude, and comfort. Write down what changed rather than relying on memory. If several people share the watch, use a written log so each person knows what the previous person saw. "Looks the same" is less useful than "udder fuller than yesterday, teats still soft, no wax, eating normally, milk pH unchanged."

Night watch is common because many mares foal at night or during quiet periods. The goal is to attend the foaling without disturbing the mare. Excessive checking, bright lights, noise, dogs, children, and repeated stall entry can make a mare anxious. A camera can reduce disturbance, but someone still needs to be able to respond. If the mare starts Stage I signs, watch more closely. If her water breaks, active delivery should progress rapidly; this is not the time to walk away.

When a farm has multiple mares due, assign priority based on due window, mare history, milk testing, udder changes, and risk factors. A maiden mare with rapid udder change, an older mare with prior retained placenta, and a mare on fescue-risk pasture history may all deserve more attention than a seasoned mare with stable signs. The calculator gives the date; your watch schedule should combine that date with the mare's actual signs.

Red Bag, Abnormal Presentation, and Why Fast Action Matters

In a normal delivery, the amniotic sac that appears at the vulva is usually white or translucent, and the front feet typically appear first with one foot slightly ahead of the other, followed by the nose. A red, velvety membrane at the vulva is different. This is commonly called red bag delivery and suggests premature separation of the placenta. Because the placenta is the foal's oxygen supply before birth, red bag is an emergency. Call your veterinarian immediately and follow their instructions.

Abnormal presentation can also become urgent quickly. If only one foot appears, if both feet appear but no nose follows, if the head is turned back, if the soles of the feet suggest a hind-limb presentation that is not progressing normally, or if the mare strains strongly without progress, help may be needed. Equine Stage II labor is normally short, so prolonged pushing is more concerning in mares than in many other species. Owners should not spend a long time trying to figure it out alone.

Do not pull hard on the foal. Improper traction can injure the foal, mare, birth canal, or uterus. If instructed by a veterinarian to assist, traction must be coordinated with contractions and with the foal in a correct position. If there is any doubt, call. A normal foaling may be fast and quiet; a difficult one can deteriorate in minutes. The safest owner skill is not force, but recognition and rapid communication.

The 12 to 24 Hour Foal Exam

A newborn foal that stands and nurses can still need a veterinary exam. CSU recommends a new foal examination between 12 and 24 hours after foaling, including an IgG test to ensure adequate passive transfer from colostrum. Merck notes that foals are born without immunity and acquire it by ingesting colostrum, with absorption occurring within the first 24 hours. This window is short. If passive transfer is inadequate, treatment is easier to plan early.

The exam may include temperature, heart and lung auscultation, limb and navel assessment, mouth and palate check, eye and eyelid evaluation, rib assessment, attitude, nursing behavior, hydration, meconium passage, and review of the placenta. The veterinarian may also examine the mare for retained membranes, trauma, mammary problems, fever, pain, and overall condition. A pair can look peaceful and still have issues that are easier to correct early than late.

IgG results guide decisions. The AAEP monitor sheet categorizes low, partial, and appropriate IgG ranges, while Merck notes that foals below a protective level may need plasma. Owners should not guess from how vigorously the foal nurses. A foal may latch but not receive enough high-quality colostrum, especially if the mare leaked milk before foaling or has poor colostrum quality. A Brix refractometer can help assess colostrum on prepared farms, but foal blood testing remains the practical check of passive transfer.

Breeding Window Planning for a Target Foaling Date

The calculator can work backward from a desired foaling date, but it should be used with realistic expectations. If you want a foal around a certain month, subtracting 340 days gives a central breeding target. The 320 to 360 day range means that a mare bred on the same target date may still foal weeks before or after the preferred date. This is especially important for farms trying to align foals with show, racing, climate, pasture, or staffing schedules.

Season matters because mares are seasonally polyestrous. Many mares cycle more naturally as daylight increases. Artificial lighting programs, reproductive management, veterinary ultrasound, hormone protocols, and semen logistics may be used on breeding farms, but those decisions belong with an equine reproductive veterinarian. A reverse calculator can help you start the conversation early; it cannot manage estrus, ovulation, semen shipment, or uterine health.

If your target is based on weather, be conservative. A foal due in a cold, wet, or storm-prone period may need more indoor preparation. A foal due in hot weather may require fly control, shade, hydration monitoring, and ventilation. A mare foaling at pasture needs safe fencing and terrain. A mare foaling in a stall needs enough space, clean bedding, and a plan for turnout after the foal is strong. The best target date is one that fits the mare's biology and your ability to supervise the birth safely.

Transport and Referral Planning

Every foaling plan should answer a simple question: what happens if this mare needs more help than the farm can provide? Know whether your veterinarian can come to the farm, how quickly they can arrive, and where the nearest referral hospital is. Keep the truck fueled, trailer accessible, lights working, tires checked, and route planned. During foaling season, a blocked trailer, frozen gate, or missing halter can waste critical time.

Transporting a mare in active labor can be risky and may not be recommended in some situations, which is why early communication matters. If a mare is high-risk, the veterinarian may recommend moving her to a foaling facility before the watch window rather than waiting for trouble. High-risk does not always mean dramatic; a prior retained placenta, prior dystocia, poor colostrum history, fescue exposure, medical illness, or lack of trained overnight observers can be enough to justify a different plan.

For home foaling, assign roles. One person watches the mare, one calls the veterinarian, one opens gates or prepares transport, and one records times. If you are alone, keep the phone with you and keep emergency numbers written in the barn. Voice assistants and phones can fail in poor service areas, so printed numbers still matter. The first emergency call should include the mare's name, address, due date basis, stage of foaling, what you see, and whether the foal is visible.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Frequently Asked Questions

How many days is a mare pregnant?

A practical average is about 340 days. A broad normal range often used for planning is about 320 to 360 days, though individual mares may vary. The calculator gives both a central date and a watch window so owners do not treat one day as fixed.

Is 320 days too early for a mare to foal?

CSU notes that foals born prior to 320 days are considered premature and may have compromised health. A mare showing foaling signs before the expected window should be discussed with a veterinarian, especially if she has milk leakage, discharge, illness, or suspected placental disease.

Is a mare overdue after 340 days?

No. 340 days is an average, not a deadline. Mares commonly foal after that date. However, a mare with accurate dates, abnormal signs, fescue exposure, poor mammary development, or very prolonged gestation deserves veterinary guidance.

Can I induce a mare because she is past the due date?

No owner should induce a mare because a calculator date has passed. CSU cautions that inducing a mare beyond the average date without signs of imminent foaling can result in a dysmature foal that may struggle to survive. Induction should be medically indicated and veterinarian managed.

What are the best signs that foaling is near?

Useful signs include udder development, teat filling, waxing, milk changes, relaxation around the tailhead, vulvar relaxation, restlessness, sweating, and milk calcium or pH changes. Signs vary widely, especially in maiden mares, so use them together with history and veterinary advice.

What is the 1-2-3 foaling rule?

The foal should stand within one hour, nurse within two hours, and the mare should pass the placenta within three hours. AAEP also includes meconium passage in the three-hour benchmark. If these milestones are missed, call your veterinarian.

What is a red bag delivery?

A red bag appearance means the chorioallantois is presenting instead of the normal white amniotic sac. It can indicate premature placental separation and is an emergency because the foal's oxygen supply is at risk. Call immediately and follow veterinary instructions.

What should I do with the placenta?

Save it for veterinary inspection. Do not pull it out. If it has not passed within about three hours, call your veterinarian because retained membranes can lead to serious infection and laminitis.

References Reviewed

This page is an educational planning tool for mare gestation and foaling preparation. It is not a diagnosis, treatment plan, induction guide, or substitute for an equine veterinarian. The medical thresholds and care concepts were checked against equine reproductive and veterinary references.

• Colorado State University Equine Reproduction Laboratory: Prediction of Foaling and Normal Foaling
• Colorado State University Equine Reproduction Laboratory: Foaling Out, Easy as 1-2-3
• MSD Veterinary Manual: The Early Postpartum Period in Horses
• Merck Veterinary Manual: Perinatal Mare and Foal Care
• Oklahoma State University Extension: Foaling Management and Care of the Nursing Foal
• Nebraska Extension: The Foaling Mare
• AAEP: Foaling Monitor Sheet