🏛️ Colonies

• Massachusetts
• New Hampshire
• Rhode Island
• Connecticut

🌍 Geography & Climate

• Rocky, infertile soil
• Cold winters, short growing seasons
• Dense forests and natural harbors
• Mountainous terrain

💼 Economy

• Fishing & Whaling
• Shipbuilding
• Trade & Commerce
• Small-scale farming
• Lumber industry
• Rum distilling

⛪ Religion & Society

• Puritan influence
• Congregationalist churches
• High literacy rates
• Town meetings (democracy)
• Strong family values

🏛️ Colonies

• Delaware
• New Jersey
• New York
• Pennsylvania

🌍 Geography & Climate

• Fertile soil
• Moderate climate
• Navigable rivers
• Mixed terrain
• Good harbors

💼 Economy

• Grain farming ("Breadbasket")
• Flour milling
• Trade centers
• Iron production
• Diverse manufacturing
• Mixed farming

⛪ Religion & Society

• Religious diversity
• Quakers (Pennsylvania)
• Dutch Reformed (New York)
• Ethnic tolerance
• Commercial culture

🏛️ Colonies

• Virginia
• Maryland
• North Carolina
• South Carolina
• Georgia

🌍 Geography & Climate

• Warm, humid climate
• Long growing seasons
• Fertile coastal plains
• River systems
• Swamplands

💼 Economy

• Tobacco (Virginia, Maryland)
• Rice (South Carolina)
• Indigo (South Carolina)
• Plantation agriculture
• Cash crop system
• Naval stores

⛪ Religion & Society

• Anglican Church
• Planter aristocracy
• Rigid social hierarchy
• Rural, scattered settlements
• Slavery-based labor

First permanent English settlement at Jamestown

Founded by Pilgrims seeking religious freedom

William Penn's "Holy Experiment" in religious tolerance

Founded as a Catholic refuge

First colony with complete religious freedom

Captured from Dutch New Netherland

New England

• New Hampshire (1623): Lumber, fishing
• Connecticut (1636): Fundamental Orders (first constitution)

Middle Colonies

• Delaware (1638): Originally New Sweden
• New Jersey (1664): Religious and ethnic diversity

Southern Colonies

• North Carolina (1663): Small farmers, naval stores
• South Carolina (1663): Rice and indigo plantations
• Georgia (1732): Buffer against Spanish Florida

🚬 Tobacco

• Primary regions: Virginia, Maryland
• Labor-intensive crop
• Saved Jamestown from economic ruin
• Required large plantations
• Depleted soil nutrients

🌾 Rice

• Primary region: South Carolina lowcountry
• Grown in swamplands
• African expertise crucial
• Required complex irrigation
• High mortality rates

🎨 Indigo

• Primary region: South Carolina
• Blue dye production
• Complemented rice cultivation
• Developed by Eliza Lucas Pinckney
• Important export to Europe

👥 Indentured Servitude

• 4-7 year contracts
• Primarily European immigrants
• Worked for passage to America
• Could eventually gain freedom
• Declined as slavery increased

⛓️ Slavery

• Lifetime bondage
• Concentrated in Southern colonies
• First arrived in Virginia (1619)
• Essential for plantation agriculture
• Dehumanizing and brutal system

👨 Patriarchal Society

• Father as head of household
• Legal authority over wife and children
• Controlled inheritance and property
• Expected to govern with love
• Biblical patriarch model

👩 Women's Roles

• Domestic responsibilities
• Child-rearing and education
• Household production
• Some trade and business
• No legal identity as individuals

👶 Children & Education

• Expected to show utmost respect
• Apprenticeships for skills
• Religious education emphasized
• High literacy in New England
• Worked from young age

🕊️ Puritans (New England)

• Sought to "purify" Church of England
• Emphasis on education and literacy
• Theocratic government
• Predestination beliefs
• Religious conformity enforced

🤝 Quakers (Pennsylvania)

• Believed in "Inner Light"
• Pacifist principles
• Religious tolerance
• Gender equality in worship
• Simple lifestyle

⛪ Anglicans (Southern)

• Church of England
• Established church in Virginia
• Episcopal structure
• Less emphasis on personal piety
• Supported by planter elite

🏛️ House of Burgesses (1619)

• Location: Virginia
• Structure: Elected representatives
• Powers: Local laws and taxation
• Voting: White male property owners
• Significance: Model for colonial self-government

📜 Mayflower Compact (1620)

• Location: Plymouth, Massachusetts
• Principles: Self-governance, majority rule
• Signers: 41 male passengers
• Purpose: Create civil order
• Significance: Social contract theory in practice

🏛️ Fundamental Orders (1639)

• Location: Connecticut
• Creator: Thomas Hooker
• Principles: Limits on government power
• Innovation: Popular sovereignty
• Significance: Expanded voting rights

🏛️ Town Meetings

• Region: New England colonies
• Participants: Adult male church members
• Function: Local governance decisions
• Topics: Taxes, schools, roads
• Significance: Grassroots democracy

Royal Colonies

• Governor appointed by king
• Council advised governor
• Elected assembly
• Examples: Virginia, Massachusetts

Proprietary Colonies

• Owned by individuals
• Proprietor appointed governor
• More self-governance
• Examples: Pennsylvania, Maryland

Corporate Colonies

• Governed by companies
• Charter from king
• Elected leadership
• Examples: Early Jamestown, Connecticut

Brutal conflict between New England colonists and Native Americans

Virginia uprising against colonial government

Part of the global Seven Years' War

King William's War (1689-1697)

• First of the French and Indian Wars
• Colonial theater of European conflict
• Attacks on frontier settlements

Queen Anne's War (1702-1713)

• War of Spanish Succession in America
• British gained Nova Scotia
• Continued frontier warfare

King George's War (1744-1748)

• War of Austrian Succession
• New England forces captured Louisbourg
• Returned to France at war's end

📜 Stamp Act (1765)

• Tax on printed materials
• First direct tax on colonists
• Sparked widespread protests
• Led to Stamp Act Congress
• "No taxation without representation"

🫖 Tea Act (1773)

• Gave British East India Company monopoly
• Bypassed colonial merchants
• Led to Boston Tea Party
• Sparked further resistance

⚖️ Intolerable Acts (1774)

• Punishment for Boston Tea Party
• Closed Boston Harbor
• Expanded Quartering Act
• Led to First Continental Congress

Shared Experiences

• Common British policies
• Similar government structures
• Shared Protestant heritage
• Trade connections

Communication Networks

• Committees of Correspondence
• Colonial newspapers
• Inter-colonial meetings
• Merchant networks

Common Grievances

• Taxation without representation
• Violation of traditional rights
• Economic restrictions
• Military occupation

1763-1765

• Proclamation of 1763
• Sugar Act (1764)
• Stamp Act (1765)
• Colonial protests begin

1766-1770

• Stamp Act repealed
• Townshend Acts (1767)
• Boston Massacre (1770)
• Non-importation agreements

1773-1775

• Boston Tea Party (1773)
• Intolerable Acts (1774)
• First Continental Congress (1774)
• Lexington and Concord (1775)

🌍 Geography & Environment

• How geography shaped colonial development
• Regional differences in economy and society
• Human-environment interaction
• Natural resources and economic specialization

👥 Cultural Interactions

• European-Native American relations
• African slavery and resistance
• Religious diversity and tolerance
• Ethnic and cultural mixing

⚖️ Politics & Power

• Development of self-government
• Representative assemblies
• Imperial policies and colonial resistance
• Rights of Englishmen concept

Compare & Contrast

• Economic systems of different regions
• Social structures in colonial societies
• Religious practices and beliefs
• Forms of government and political participation
• Labor systems (slavery vs. indentured servitude)

Analyze Change Over Time

• Evolution of colonial economy (1607-1763)
• Development of colonial identity
• Changes in British-colonial relations
• Growth of slavery and its impact
• Religious changes (Great Awakening)

Evaluate Significance

• Impact of colonial wars on development
• Role of religion in colonial society
• Significance of early self-government
• Effects of mercantilism on colonies
• Causes of growing colonial unity

Population Growth

• 1625: 2,000 colonists
• 1700: 250,000 colonists
• 1775: 2.4 million colonists
• Mostly due to natural increase

Regional Distribution (1775)

• New England: ~700,000
• Middle Colonies: ~750,000
• Southern: ~950,000
• About 20% were enslaved Africans

Economic Data

• 90% lived in rural areas
• Agriculture employed 80% of workforce
• Tobacco: £1 million annually by 1775
• Trade with Britain: £4 million annually

Historical Inaccuracies

• Don't confuse colonial periods with later eras
• Remember chronological order of events
• Don't oversimplify regional differences
• Avoid presentist thinking

Essay Writing

• Always use specific historical evidence
• Address all parts of the question
• Don't just list facts - analyze them
• Connect evidence to your thesis

Analysis Errors

• Don't ignore economic factors
• Consider multiple perspectives
• Explain cause and effect relationships
• Discuss continuity AND change