Identifying and Explaining Claims and Evidence
AP® English Language and Composition | Unit 1 | CLE 3.A
Mastering the Foundation of Argumentative Analysis
Understanding Claims and Evidence
Every effective argument is built upon two fundamental elements: claims and evidence. A claim represents what the writer wants the audience to believe or accept, while evidence provides the support needed to make that claim convincing.
Mastering the ability to identify and explain claims and evidence is essential for analyzing arguments effectively and constructing persuasive essays. This skill enables students to recognize how writers build their arguments and evaluate the strength of those arguments.
What is a Claim?
The assertion that requires defense
Definition
A claim is a statement or assertion that a writer puts forward as true or valid and that requires defense through evidence and reasoning. Claims represent the writer's position on a subject and serve as the backbone of an argument.
Characteristics of Effective Claims
- Debatable: Can be reasonably challenged or disagreed with
- Specific: Clear and focused rather than vague or overly broad
- Defensible: Can be supported with evidence and reasoning
- Significant: Addresses a meaningful issue worth discussing
- Assertive: Takes a clear position rather than simply stating a fact
Claim vs. Fact
✓ Effective Claim (Debatable)
"Social media platforms have a responsibility to combat misinformation actively."
✗ Statement of Fact (Not Debatable)
"Social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter exist."
Types of Claims
Understanding different categories of assertions
1. Claims of Fact
Assert that something is true or false, or that something did or did not happen. These claims are verifiable through evidence.
Example:
"Climate change is caused primarily by human activities."
2. Claims of Value
Assert that something is good or bad, right or wrong, worthwhile or worthless. These involve judgments based on criteria or standards.
Example:
"Online education is inferior to traditional classroom learning."
3. Claims of Policy
Assert that specific actions should or should not be taken. These often include words like "should," "must," or "ought to."
Example:
"Schools should eliminate standardized testing as a requirement for graduation."
4. Claims of Cause and Effect
Assert that one event or condition leads to or causes another. These establish causal relationships.
Example:
"Excessive screen time negatively impacts adolescent mental health."
5. Claims of Definition
Assert how something should be defined, classified, or interpreted. These often involve disputed or ambiguous terms.
Example:
"Video games should be recognized as a legitimate art form."