🏛️ AP United States History - Unit 2

Colonial Society, 1607–1754

Period 2: The formation and development of distinct colonial societies, economies, and cultures in British North America

2.0 Unit Overview: Colonization of North America (1607-1754)

Unit 2 Focus Areas:

This unit examines how European colonial patterns, regional differences, and transatlantic exchanges shaped colonial development from the founding of Jamestown through the eve of the French and Indian War.

📊 Key Concepts Overview

Key Concept 2.1:

Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources.

Key Concept 2.2:

The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control.

⏰ Time Period Significance

The years 1607-1754 represent the colonial period of American history, beginning with:

1607: Founding of Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement
1620: Plymouth Colony established by the Pilgrims
1630: Massachusetts Bay Colony founded
1754: Start of the French and Indian War

Major Themes: Colonial diversity, economic development, labor systems, cultural interactions, religious movements, and growing tensions with Britain.

2.1 Context: European Colonization

Learning Objective:

Explain the context for the colonization of North America from 1607 to 1754.

🌍 European Imperial Competition

Multiple European powers competed for control and influence in North America, each bringing different goals, methods, and cultures to their colonial efforts.

Four Major European Colonial Powers:

Spain: Focused on extracting wealth (gold, silver) and converting natives to Christianity
France: Emphasized trade relationships and fur trading with Native Americans
Netherlands: Concentrated on commercial trading posts and profitable commerce
England: Established permanent settlements with large-scale migration

⚖️ Factors Shaping Colonial Development

Geographic and Environmental Factors:

Climate variations from north to south
Natural resources (forests, fertile soil, minerals)
Access to waterways and harbors
Existing Native American populations and relationships

Economic Motivations:

Mercantilism: Colonies exist to benefit the mother country
Search for profitable crops and trade goods
Access to raw materials for European manufacturing
New markets for European manufactured goods

Social and Religious Factors:

Religious freedom and escape from persecution
Social mobility and economic opportunity
Population pressures in Europe
Political instability and conflict

🗺️ Territorial Claims and Conflicts

European nations established overlapping and competing claims to North American territory, leading to:

Diplomatic treaties dividing territories
Military conflicts between European powers
Competition for Native American alliances
Ongoing disputes over trade routes and resources

2.2 European Colonization

Learning Objective:

Explain how and why various European colonies developed and expanded from 1607 to 1754.

🇪🇸 Spanish Colonial Approach

Spanish Strategy: Spain focused on extracting wealth from existing civilizations and natural resources while incorporating indigenous peoples into Spanish colonial society through conversion and subjugation.

Key features of Spanish colonization:

Conquistadors: Military leaders who conquered indigenous empires
Encomienda system: Granted colonists control over indigenous labor and tribute
Missions: Catholic institutions to convert natives to Christianity
Racial hierarchy: Complex caste system based on ancestry

🇫🇷 French Colonial Approach

French Strategy: France developed a trade-based colonial system with relatively few European settlers, relying on alliances and intermarriage with Native Americans to build relationships and acquire furs for export to Europe.

Characteristics of French colonization:

Coureurs de bois: French fur traders who lived among Native Americans
Strategic alliances: Military and trade partnerships with tribes
Catholic missions: Jesuit missionaries worked to convert natives
Limited settlements: Quebec, Montreal, and scattered trading posts

🇳🇱 Dutch Colonial Approach

Dutch Strategy: The Netherlands focused on commercial trading and established profitable trading posts with relatively small European populations, emphasizing economic relationships over territorial conquest.

Dutch colonial features:

New Amsterdam: Commercial hub on Manhattan Island
Hudson River Valley: Agricultural settlements and trading posts
Patroon system: Large estates granted to wealthy investors
Religious tolerance: More accepting of different religious groups

🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 English Colonial Approach

English Strategy: England developed permanent settlements with large numbers of male and female British migrants seeking social mobility, economic prosperity, religious freedom, and improved living conditions. These colonists generally lived separately from Native Americans.

1607 - Jamestown, Virginia: First permanent English settlement, initially struggled but succeeded through tobacco cultivation

1620 - Plymouth Colony: Founded by Pilgrims seeking religious freedom

1630 - Massachusetts Bay Colony: Large-scale Puritan migration ("Great Migration")

1664 - English conquest of New Amsterdam: Renamed New York

English colonial characteristics:

Family migration: Men, women, and children settled together
Agricultural focus: Established farms and towns
Self-governance: Developed colonial assemblies and local government
Population growth: Natural increase and continued immigration

Click to compare European colonial strategies! 🤔

2.3 The Regions of the British Colonies

Learning Objective:

Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of various colonial regions.

🏔️ New England Colonies

Colonies:

Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth (merged 1691), Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Maine

Geography & Climate:

Rocky soil and thin topsoil
Cold winters and short growing seasons
Extensive forests and access to ocean
Natural harbors for shipping and fishing

Economy:

Mixed economy: Small-scale farming, commerce, and manufacturing
Maritime industries: Shipbuilding, fishing, whaling
Trade: Lumber, furs, fish exported to Europe and Caribbean
Rum distilling: Using molasses from Caribbean sugar trade

Society & Culture:

Puritan influence: Religious conformity and community focus
Town meetings: Democratic local governance
Education emphasis: High literacy rates for Bible reading
Family-centered communities: Nuclear families and longer lifespans

🌾 Middle Colonies

Colonies:

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

Geography & Climate:

Fertile soil and moderate climate
Longer growing seasons than New England
Major rivers (Hudson, Delaware) for transportation
Rich natural resources including iron ore

Economy:

"Breadbasket colonies": Wheat, corn, barley production
Commercial agriculture: Surplus crops for export
Urban centers: New York City and Philadelphia as major ports
Diverse industries: Ironworking, lumber, flour milling

Society & Culture:

Religious diversity: Quakers, Lutherans, Dutch Reformed, Catholics
Ethnic diversity: English, Dutch, German, Scots-Irish immigrants
Religious tolerance: Pennsylvania founded as Quaker haven
Cultural pluralism: Multiple languages and customs coexisting

🌱 Chesapeake Colonies

Colonies:

Virginia, Maryland

Geography & Climate:

Warm climate and long growing seasons
Rich, fertile soil ideal for tobacco
Chesapeake Bay and river systems
Low-lying coastal plains

Economy:

Tobacco economy: "Brown gold" became the dominant cash crop
Plantation system: Large estates worked by indentured servants and enslaved people
Export-oriented: Tobacco shipped directly to Europe
Headright system: Land grants encouraged immigration

Society & Culture:

Planter elite: Wealthy tobacco planters dominated society
Anglican Church: Established religion, less fervent than New England
Gender imbalance: More men than women in early period
Rural lifestyle: Scattered plantations rather than towns

🌾 Southern Colonies

Colonies:

North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

Geography & Climate:

Subtropical climate with hot, humid summers
Coastal lowlands and interior mountains
Extensive river systems and wetlands
Ideal conditions for rice and indigo cultivation

Economy:

Rice cultivation: South Carolina became major rice producer
Indigo production: Blue dye became valuable export crop
Naval stores: Pine forests provided tar, pitch, and turpentine
Plantation agriculture: Large-scale farming with enslaved labor

Society & Culture:

Plantation society: Elite planter class and large enslaved population
Charleston: Major port city and cultural center
African influences: Strong African cultural elements due to large enslaved population
Frontier regions: Scots-Irish and German settlers in backcountry

Regional Comparison Chart:

Region	Main Crops/Economy	Labor System	Religion	Government
New England	Mixed farming, fishing, trade, manufacturing	Family labor, some indentured servants	Puritan (Congregational)	Town meetings, elected assemblies
Middle Colonies	Wheat, corn, commerce	Family farms, some indentured servants	Religious diversity	Elected assemblies, religious tolerance
Chesapeake	Tobacco plantations	Indentured servants → enslaved Africans	Anglican (established)	Planter-dominated assemblies
Southern	Rice, indigo, naval stores	Large-scale enslaved labor	Anglican, some Baptist/Presbyterian	Elite planter control

2.4 Transatlantic Trade

Learning Objective:

Explain the causes and effects of transatlantic trade over time.

🔄 The Atlantic Economy

The Atlantic World developed into an interconnected economic system linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas through complex trade networks, cultural exchanges, and the movement of people.

Triangular Trade System:

The triangular trade created an interdependent economic relationship connecting three continents:

First Leg (Europe to Africa): Manufactured goods (textiles, firearms, rum) traded for enslaved people
Second Leg (Africa to Americas - Middle Passage): Enslaved Africans transported to work on plantations
Third Leg (Americas to Europe): Raw materials (sugar, tobacco, cotton, molasses) shipped back to Europe

📜 Mercantilism and the Navigation Acts

Mercantilism: Economic theory that a nation's power came from accumulating wealth (gold/silver) by maintaining a favorable balance of trade. Colonies should supply raw materials to the mother country and buy manufactured goods in return.

Navigation Acts (1651-1673):

Colonial goods must be shipped on English or colonial ships
Certain "enumerated" goods (tobacco, sugar, cotton) could only be shipped to England
European goods going to colonies had to pass through English ports first
Colonial manufacturing of certain goods was restricted

🌱 Colonial Economic Development

Tobacco Economy (Virginia): John Rolfe's successful cultivation of tobacco around 1612 transformed Virginia's economy. Tobacco became the colony's "brown gold," driving population growth and the demand for labor.

Rice and Indigo (South Carolina): Rice cultivation began around 1690, likely with knowledge from enslaved West Africans. Eliza Lucas Pinckney successfully cultivated indigo in the 1740s, creating another valuable export crop.

Rum Trade (New England): New England merchants imported molasses from the Caribbean to distill into rum, which was then traded for enslaved people in Africa, completing the triangular trade cycle.

⛓️ The Atlantic Slave Trade

Middle Passage: The horrific journey experienced by millions of enslaved Africans transported across the Atlantic. Conditions were appalling, with high death rates due to overcrowding, disease, malnutrition, and abuse.

Key facts about the Atlantic slave trade:

Approximately 12 million Africans were enslaved and transported to the Americas
British ships transported about 3.4 million Africans between 1640-1807
Death rates on the Middle Passage ranged from 10-20%
Peak period was the 1780s with about 78,000 people transported annually

🏛️ Economic and Social Effects

Effects on Europe:

Massive wealth accumulation from colonial trade
Growth of port cities (Bristol, Liverpool, London)
Development of banking and insurance industries
Funding for the Industrial Revolution

Effects on Africa:

Demographic disruption and population loss
Political instability and warfare
Economic dependence on the slave trade
Cultural and social trauma

Effects on the Americas:

Development of plantation economies
Growth of colonial wealth and population
Creation of diverse, multicultural societies
Foundation of racial slavery system

Click to learn about the economic impact of transatlantic trade! 💰

2.5 Interactions between Native Americans and Europeans

Learning Objective:

Explain how various factors contributed to continuity and change in the interaction between Native Americans and Europeans from 1607 to 1754.

🤝 Early Cooperation and Conflict

Native American-European interactions varied greatly depending on the specific tribes, colonial powers, geographic regions, and time periods involved. These relationships included elements of cooperation, trade, conflict, and cultural exchange.

1607-1610 - Jamestown and the Powhatan: Initial trade relationships between English settlers and Chief Powhatan's confederation. Pocahontas served as an intermediary, but tensions grew over land and resources.

1621 - Plymouth and Wampanoag Treaty: Massasoit and the Pilgrims signed a mutual defense treaty. Squanto (Tisquantum) helped colonists learn indigenous farming techniques.

⚔️ Major Conflicts

Pequot War (1636-1638):

Conflict between English colonists and the Pequot tribe in southern New England. The war culminated in the Mystic Massacre where English and allied Native forces burned a Pequot village, killing 400-700 people. The war ended with the near-destruction of the Pequot tribe and established English dominance in the region.

Causes:

Competition for control of fur and wampum trade
English expansion into Pequot territory
Disputes over tribute and trade relationships
Allied Native tribes supported English against Pequots

King Philip's War (1675-1676):

Also known as Metacom's War, this was the most devastating conflict in 17th-century New England. Led by Wampanoag sachem Metacom (King Philip), a coalition of Native tribes fought against English expansion.

Key Events:

Triggered by the execution of three Wampanoag men for murdering John Sassamon
Native forces destroyed half of New England's frontier towns
High casualty rates on both sides
Ended with Metacom's death and collapse of Native resistance

Consequences:

Ended significant Native American power in New England
Many survivors sold into slavery in the Caribbean
English expansion accelerated westward
Established pattern of warfare and subjugation

Bacon's Rebellion (1676):

Virginia conflict that began as a dispute between colonists and Native Americans but evolved into a rebellion against colonial government.

Background:

Dispute over a pig led to escalating violence between colonists and Doeg Indians
Governor William Berkeley refused to authorize military action
Nathaniel Bacon led unauthorized attacks against Native Americans
Rebellion turned against Berkeley's government

Significance:

Highlighted tensions between frontier settlers and colonial elites
Demonstrated the danger of relying on indentured servants
Contributed to increased reliance on enslaved African labor
Showed ongoing conflicts over westward expansion

📈 Changing Relationships Over Time

Early Period (1607-1650):

Cooperation dominates: Trade relationships, mutual assistance, intermarriage
Small European populations: Dependence on Native knowledge and resources
Cultural exchange: Technology, crops, and knowledge shared

Middle Period (1650-1700):

Increasing tension: Growing European population pressure
Land disputes: Conflicting concepts of land ownership
Military conflicts: Pequot War, King Philip's War, Bacon's Rebellion

Later Period (1700-1754):

European dominance: Military and population advantages established
Westward expansion: Continued pressure on Native lands
Imperial competition: Natives caught between French and British claims

🌍 Cultural Exchange and Adaptation

Despite conflicts, significant cultural exchange occurred between Native Americans and Europeans:

Agricultural knowledge: Natives taught Europeans to grow corn, beans, squash, and tobacco
Technology transfer: Europeans introduced metal tools, firearms, and horses
Trade goods: Furs, wampum, and European manufactured items
Religious conversion: Some Natives converted to Christianity while maintaining traditional beliefs
Language contact: Development of trade languages and interpretation

Click to learn about the turning point in Native-European relations! ⚔️

2.6 Slavery in the British Colonies

Learning Objective:

Explain how and why slavery developed in the British North American colonies.

📈 Development of Slavery

Slavery developed in British North America in response to economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of the colonies. The system evolved from early forms of unfree labor into racial chattel slavery.

1619 - First Africans in Virginia: Twenty Africans arrived in Jamestown, probably as indentured servants rather than slaves. The distinction between slavery and indentured servitude was not yet clearly established.

1640s-1660s - Legal Codification: Colonial laws began to distinguish between white indentured servants and black slaves, creating legal foundations for racial slavery.

1676 - After Bacon's Rebellion: The rebellion highlighted the dangers of relying on indentured servants who would eventually become free. This accelerated the shift toward enslaved African labor.

1690s-1740s - Massive Expansion: The number of enslaved people grew dramatically through both the slave trade and natural increase.

⚖️ Legal Framework of Slavery

Slave Codes:

Colonial laws that defined the legal status of enslaved people and regulated their behavior. These codes:

Defined enslaved people as property rather than people
Made slavery hereditary through the mother's line
Prohibited enslaved people from owning property, carrying weapons, or traveling freely
Severely punished resistance, rebellion, or escape attempts
Prohibited teaching enslaved people to read and write

🗺️ Regional Variations

✊ Resistance and Community

Forms of Resistance:

Work slowdowns: Deliberately working slowly or inefficiently
Tool breaking: "Accidentally" damaging equipment
Running away: Temporary or permanent escape attempts
Cultural preservation: Maintaining African languages, religions, and traditions
Rebellion: Organized revolts like the Stono Rebellion (1739)

Stono Rebellion (1739):

The largest slave rebellion in colonial America occurred near Charleston, South Carolina. About 20 enslaved people seized weapons and marched toward Spanish Florida, hoping to find freedom. The rebellion was suppressed, but it led to stricter slave codes and increased white fears of slave revolts.

🏛️ Economic Impact of Slavery

Slavery became central to colonial economic development:

Plantation agriculture: Made large-scale cultivation of tobacco, rice, and indigo profitable
Capital accumulation: Slave labor generated wealth for plantation owners
Trade networks: Slavery connected colonial economy to Atlantic trade system
Urban development: Slave labor built colonial cities and infrastructure
Northern commerce: Northern merchants profited from slave-produced goods and the slave trade

Click to learn about the scale of slavery by 1750! 😢

2.7 Colonial Society and Culture

Learning Objective:

Explain how and why the movement of various groups of people into and within the colonies affected colonial development.

👥 Colonial Social Hierarchy

Colonial society developed a rigid class structure based on wealth, land ownership, ancestry, education, and race that determined social status, economic opportunities, and political influence.

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Family Life and Gender Roles

Colonial Family Structure:

Patriarchal system: Men held authority over households and in public life
Nuclear families: Parents and children living together
Large families: Average of 7-8 children due to abundant land and resources
Economic unit: Families worked together in farming and household production

Gender Roles and Expectations:

Men's roles: Public authority, farming, crafts, military service, political participation
Women's roles: Domestic duties, child-rearing, household management, textile production
Legal status: Women had limited legal rights, couldn't vote or hold office
Economic activities: Some women ran businesses, especially as widows

📚 Education and Literacy

New England Education: Puritans emphasized literacy for Bible reading. Massachusetts School Law of 1642 required towns to establish schools. Harvard College founded in 1636 to train ministers.

Middle Colonies Education: More diverse religious and ethnic groups created varied educational approaches. Pennsylvania had both public and private schools.

Southern Education: Wealthy planters hired private tutors. Poor children received little formal education. Literacy rates lower than in New England.

Educational opportunities:

Dame schools: Women taught young children basic reading and writing in their homes
Grammar schools: Classical education for boys preparing for college
Apprenticeships: Practical training in trades and crafts
Colleges: Harvard (1636), William & Mary (1693), Yale (1701), Princeton (1746)

🙏 Religious Life and the Great Awakening

First Great Awakening (1730s-1750s):

A religious revival movement that swept through the American colonies, emphasizing personal religious experience and emotional conversion rather than formal religious authority.

Key Figures:

Jonathan Edwards: New England minister famous for "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"
George Whitefield: British evangelist who traveled throughout the colonies
Gilbert Tennent: Presbyterian minister who challenged traditional authority

Effects of the Great Awakening:

Religious democratization: Emphasized individual relationship with God
New denominations: Growth of Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians
Educational institutions: Founded colleges like Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, Dartmouth
Social equality: Challenged traditional religious and social hierarchies
Political implications: Encouraged questioning of authority, influenced later revolutionary thinking

🧙‍♀️ Salem Witch Trials (1692-1693)

Background and Causes:

Political instability: Massachusetts charter had been revoked, creating legal uncertainty
Social tensions: Conflicts between Salem Village and Salem Town
Economic stress: Disputes over land, trade, and religious authority
Cultural beliefs: Strong belief in supernatural forces and the devil
Gender and age dynamics: Young women accusers challenging traditional authority

Events and Consequences:

Started with unexplained illness in Reverend Samuel Parris's household
More than 200 people accused of witchcraft
20 people executed (19 hanged, 1 pressed to death)
Several others died in prison
Trials ended when Governor William Phips's wife was accused
Became a symbol of mass hysteria and judicial failure

💡 Enlightenment Ideas

European Enlightenment ideas began influencing colonial intellectual life:

Natural rights: John Locke's ideas about life, liberty, and property
Scientific method: Emphasis on reason and empirical observation
Social contract: Theory that government derives power from the consent of the governed
Religious tolerance: Growing acceptance of religious diversity

Click to learn about the Great Awakening's cultural impact! 🔥

2.8 Comparison in Period 2

Learning Objective:

Compare the effects of the development of colonial society in the various regions of North America.

🌎 Comparing Colonial Systems

By 1754, different regions of North America had developed distinct social, economic, and cultural characteristics while sharing some common features as British colonies.

Comprehensive Regional Comparison:

Aspect	New England	Middle Colonies	Chesapeake	Lower South
Primary Economy	Mixed: farming, fishing, trade, manufacturing	Grain production, commerce	Tobacco plantations	Rice, indigo plantations
Labor Systems	Family labor, few slaves	Family farms, some indentured servants	Indentured servants → slaves	Large-scale slavery
Settlement Patterns	Towns and villages	Mixed towns and farms	Scattered plantations	Plantations and port cities
Religious Character	Puritan/Congregational	Religious diversity	Anglican (established)	Anglican, some dissenting
Social Structure	Relatively egalitarian	Most diverse and tolerant	Planter elite dominance	Sharp class divisions
Education/Literacy	High literacy, public schools	Moderate literacy, mixed schools	Elite educated, poor illiterate	Low overall literacy
Political Participation	Town meetings, broad participation	Representative assemblies	Planter-dominated assemblies	Elite political control

🔄 Continuities Across Regions

Shared Colonial Characteristics:

British political system: All regions developed elected assemblies
English legal traditions: Common law and property rights
Protestant Christianity: Dominant religious influence (though varied denominations)
Atlantic trade connections: All regions participated in transatlantic commerce
Population growth: Natural increase and immigration
Westward expansion: Pressure to move into Native American lands

⚡ Regional Changes Over Time

Early Period (1607-1650):

Survival and establishment phases
High mortality rates, gender imbalances
Dependence on Native American assistance
Limited economic diversification

Middle Period (1650-1700):

Population growth and stabilization
Development of distinct regional economies
Increasing conflicts with Native Americans
Growth of slavery in tobacco and rice regions

Later Period (1700-1754):

Mature colonial societies with established institutions
Growing cultural sophistication and American identity
Increasing tension with British imperial policies
Great Awakening creates shared religious experience

🌍 Global Context and Comparisons

British vs. Other European Colonies:

Spanish colonies: More centralized control, racial mixing, Catholic missions
French colonies: Smaller population, closer Native relations, fur trade focus
British colonies: Larger populations, more self-governance, agricultural diversity

📊 Demographic Patterns

By 1754, colonial population had grown to approximately 1.5 million people:

Ethnic composition: English majority, but significant German, Scots-Irish, Dutch populations
Racial composition: About 80% white, 20% African American (mostly enslaved)
Religious diversity: Congregationalists, Anglicans, Presbyterians, Quakers, Catholics, Jews
Geographic distribution: Concentrated along Atlantic coast with westward movement

🔮 Setting the Stage for Revolution

By 1754, colonial development had created conditions that would lead to conflict with Britain:

Political experience: Generations of self-governance through assemblies
Economic independence: Diverse economies less dependent on Britain
Cultural identity: Emerging sense of being "American" rather than British
Military capability: Experience fighting in colonial wars
Enlightenment ideas: Concepts of natural rights and representative government

Click to understand the irony of colonial success! 🤯

📖 Unit 2 Summary & AP Exam Strategies

🎯 Key Themes to Remember

Regional Diversity: Each colonial region developed distinct characteristics based on geography, economy, and settlers
Labor Systems: Evolution from indentured servitude to racial slavery shaped colonial society
Economic Development: Transatlantic trade connected colonies to global economy
Cultural Formation: Great Awakening and Enlightenment ideas influenced colonial identity
Conflict and Cooperation: Complex relationships between Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans

💡 AP Exam Success Tips

For Multiple Choice:

Focus on regional comparisons and how geography influenced development
Understand cause-and-effect relationships in colonial development
Know specific examples from each region

For Short Answer Questions:

Practice comparing colonial regions using specific evidence
Explain how different factors (geography, economy, religion) shaped colonial societies
Analyze continuity and change over time in colonial development

For Essays:

Connect colonial developments to later American history
Use specific examples from different regions to support arguments
Analyze how colonial experiences influenced American identity and values

📚 Essential Vocabulary

Must-Know Terms:

Triangular trade, Middle Passage, mercantilism, Navigation Acts, indentured servants, headright system, Bacon's Rebellion, King Philip's War, Great Awakening, Salem Witch Trials, plantation system, slave codes, town meetings, religious tolerance, Enlightenment

📅 Key Dates

Essential Chronology: 1607 (Jamestown), 1620 (Plymouth), 1630 (Massachusetts Bay), 1649 (Toleration Act), 1676 (Bacon's Rebellion), 1688 (Glorious Revolution), 1692 (Salem Witch Trials), 1739 (Stono Rebellion), 1730s-1750s (Great Awakening)