🏃 Lifestyle Factors (Check all that apply)

📈 Life Table Method

Life expectancy at age \(x\): \(e_x = \frac{T_x}{l_x}\)[web:68][web:69]

Where \(T_x\) is total person-years remaining and \(l_x\) is survivors at age \(x\).

⚡ Mortality Rate

Age-specific mortality: \(m_x = \frac{d_x}{N_x}\)[web:68][web:69]

Deaths at age \(x\) divided by population at age \(x\).

🎯 Survival Probability

Probability of surviving: \(p_x = 1 - q_x\)[web:68]

Where \(q_x\) is the probability of dying at age \(x\).

🥗 Nutrition & Diet

A healthy balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats is one of the most powerful longevity factors. Mediterranean and plant-based diets are associated with longer lifespans and reduced chronic disease risk.[web:73][web:76]

🏃 Physical Activity

Regular exercise (at least 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity daily) significantly increases life expectancy. Physical activity reduces risks of heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and cognitive decline while improving overall quality of life.[web:73][web:76]

🚭 Tobacco & Smoking

Smoking is one of the single largest preventable causes of death worldwide. Non-smokers live significantly longer than smokers. Quitting smoking at any age can dramatically improve life expectancy and reduce disease risk.[web:73][web:76]

⚖️ Body Weight

Maintaining a healthy weight (BMI 18.5-24.9) is strongly associated with longevity. Both obesity and being significantly underweight increase mortality risk. Healthy weight management through diet and exercise is crucial for longevity.[web:73][web:76]

🍷 Alcohol Consumption

Moderate alcohol consumption (up to 1 drink daily for women, 2 for men) may be part of a healthy lifestyle, but excessive drinking significantly shortens life expectancy. Many experts now recommend minimizing alcohol intake for optimal health.[web:73]

😴 Sleep Quality

Getting 7-9 hours of quality sleep per night is essential for longevity. Poor sleep is linked to increased risks of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and shortened lifespan. Sleep quality matters as much as quantity.[web:76]

🧠 Mental Activity

Maintaining an active mind through learning, reading, puzzles, and social engagement is crucial for healthy longevity. Mental stimulation helps preserve cognitive function and may protect against dementia and age-related decline.[web:85]

🧬 Genetics

While genetics account for 20-30% of longevity, lifestyle choices have a greater influence. Family history of longevity may indicate favorable genes, but environmental factors and health behaviors ultimately matter more than genetics alone.[web:79][web:82]

Contributing Factors:[web:72]

• Biological factors: Hormonal differences, genetic advantages (two X chromosomes)
• Health behaviors: Men are more likely to smoke, drink excessively, and delay medical care
• Risk-taking: Men engage in more dangerous behaviors and high-risk activities
• Healthcare utilization: Women are more proactive about preventive care and doctor visits
• Stress response: Differences in how men and women handle stress and emotions

Formula 1: Life Expectancy at Age x

The remaining life expectancy for someone at age \(x\):[web:68][web:69]

\[e_x = \frac{T_x}{l_x} = \frac{\sum_{t=x}^{\omega} L_t}{l_x}\]

Where \(T_x\) is total person-years lived beyond age \(x\), \(l_x\) is number surviving to age \(x\), and \(\omega\) is maximum lifespan.

Formula 2: Probability of Dying

The probability of dying between age \(x\) and \(x+1\):[web:68]

\[q_x = \frac{d_x}{l_x} = \frac{m_x}{1 + 0.5m_x}\]

Where \(d_x\) is deaths at age \(x\), \(l_x\) is survivors at age \(x\), and \(m_x\) is mortality rate.

Formula 3: Survival Function

Number of people surviving to age \(x\):[web:68]

\[l_x = l_0 \prod_{t=0}^{x-1}(1 - q_t)\]

Starting with initial cohort \(l_0\) (usually 100,000), multiply survival probabilities.

Formula 4: Person-Years Lived

Person-years lived between ages \(x\) and \(x+1\):[web:68]

\[L_x = l_{x+1} + 0.5d_x = l_x - 0.5d_x\]

Assumes deaths occur uniformly throughout the age interval.

Formula 5: Age-Specific Mortality Rate

Central death rate at age \(x\):[web:69]

\[m_x = \frac{D_x}{P_x} \times 1000\]

Deaths at age \(x\) divided by mid-year population at age \(x\), typically per 1,000 people.

Formula 6: Lifestyle Adjustment Factor

Adjusted life expectancy with lifestyle factors:[web:73]

\[LE_{\text{adjusted}} = LE_{\text{base}} + \sum_{i=1}^{n} \beta_i \cdot F_i\]

Where \(\beta_i\) is the impact coefficient and \(F_i\) is each lifestyle factor (0 or 1).

🎂 The world's oldest verified person lived to 122 years and 164 days (Jeanne Calment, France)!

📈 Global life expectancy has more than doubled since 1900, from about 32 years to over 73 years today!

🏃 Studies show that practicing 5 healthy habits can add up to 14 years to your life![web:73]